We develop new clinical tools for engineering and re-wiring brain circuits, with the goal of treating mental illness. We increasingly understand mental disorders as circuit disorders – disruptions of information flow in the distributed circuits that drive emotion, cognition, and self-regulation.  Treatments like psychotropic medications, however, do not directly act on those circuits.  Our laboratory develops circuit-directed treatments through the use of electrical/magnetic brain stimulation: the focused delivery of energy to a limited brain region or set of regions. Most of our efforts are in closed-loop technologies, where stimulation occurs in response to and/or in time with the brain’s own electrical activity. Synchronizing our intervention with these natural events/rhythms lets us have much stronger effects on physiology and behavior. We develop these technologies across species, prototyping them in rodent models, then studying the relevant neural physiology and stimulation effects in humans. Our goal is to rapidly turn those animal prototypes into new clinical trials.