For most of my career I studied dyslexia, because reading contacts the broadest elements of biology, from education and culture, structure of the language to be read, genetic and molecular antecedents, neural development, neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, auditory development and function, visual development and function and more. We first described changes in the brains is dyslexics, which comprised neuronal migration abnormalities and alterations in brain asymmetry, and modeled these changes in rodents, both rats and mice. Initially, we damaged the emerging cerebral cortex during neuronal migration and noted changes in neuronal migration, connectivity and function, including behavior. After risk genes for dyslexia were identified, we carried out shRNA interference experiments that, in most cases, replicated the neuronal migration anomalies. The effects of knock-outs of the same genes were more variable, but outcomes included neuronal migration anomalies, alterations in cortical physiology, and abnormalities in cilia motility, which has been linked to alterations in body pattern asymmetry. In many of these models we demonstrated dysfunction in sound processing, particularly of rapidly changing sounds. The lab was closed on my retirement, but I hope someone else picks up where we left off.

Albert M. Galaburda, MD
Emily Fisher Landau Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience (Emeritus), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
The Underpinnings of Language and Language Based Learning Disabilities